Between 1870 and 1890, Heinrich Schliemann excavated Hisarlik. Beneath a worn-down hill, he discovered square-built structures, charred fortress walls, weapons, jewelry, pottery, and gold. He donated the "Trojan findings" to the Berlin Museum.
The disintegration of the Carolingian Empire led to anarchy. The invasions of the Normans, Moors, and Hungarians into Western Europe, along with daily hardships, were not conducive to the contemplative lifestyle of monks. Monasteries were looted and burned, forcing monks to flee. It became impossible to adhere to the rules governing monastic life....
In the final, tumultuous centuries of the Roman Empire, the prevailing worldview was shaken. Old beliefs, ideas, and values were lost, and the poor sought hope. The ancient religion—the Roman mythology—gradually became hollow, reduced to bureaucratic rituals that could not be denied but could no longer inspire faith.
The reformulation of cyclical theories reveals an intention to justify historical events beyond history itself and to find their meaning. Since Hegel, however, all efforts have aimed to defend the historical event as such and assign it intrinsic value. Things are necessarily as they are; they are neither products of judgment nor chance—they must be...
Mysticism pertains to experiences that cannot be grasped by reason and are not based on tangible perception but rather on spiritual intuition or perhaps an internal vision. Mysticism represents a form of cognition: the soul's entrancement, the intuition of the unobservable, the kernel of truth embedded in imagination, the psychological elements of...
Hitler did not become the nation's unrestricted ruler the moment he seized power; he gradually sought to ensure that the nation would completely subordinate itself to his will as soon as possible. He relied on the fact that many did not sympathize with the spirit of rebellion and opposition, appealing instead to the German complex of loyalty and...
When interpreting Hitler's dictatorship, emphasis is often placed on the almost supernatural, demonic influence stemming from his personality, which he amplified through harsh terror and oppression. Together, these elements made him an autocrat with unlimited power. At the same time, Hitler was a skilled and shrewd practical politician; a regime...
In the tranquility of his imprisonment, Hitler developed new methods for his propaganda. His observations on the masses, mass psychology, the peculiarities of the masses' perspectives, and the art of influencing public opinion can be found in Mein Kampf.
The modern man rejects the archaic conceptions of repetition, in which we can discover the "historical man's" resistance to nature and his striving for autonomy. He increasingly attributes value to historical events. He considers the myth of repetition as a confusing re-identification of history and nature.
Since Hegel, every effort has been aimed at defending the historical event as such and assigning it intrinsic value. Things are necessarily as they are, not the works of judgment and chance. Hegel saw the manifestation of the Absolute Spirit in every event. The everyday relationship with events can guide man in his relationship with the world and...